B.F. Skinners theory of punishment Essay Example for Free

B.F. Skinners theory of punishment Essay When you think of punishment and reward you think of a reaction; but man has come up with theories of why we do the things that we can do. Conditioning and learning is defined as change in behavior, which is resulted by different types of practices and experiences. In this report the main topics will be classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive-social learning, and neuroscience and evolution. Every time we do something good or bad the outcome determines our reactions in future situations. This learning process that is associated between environment stimuli and behavioral responses. Breaking down the rewards system you come along reinforces and reinforcement. Both are good ways to get a conditioned response. First we primary rein forcers, this increases the chance because it satisfies a need for sex, food, and water. Secondary rein forcers increase the probability of a reaction because of value, money, and possessions through learning. Positive reinforcement is a reward that adds stimulus to increase chances of responses. Positive reinforcement would be a paycheck for a job well done. Negative reinforcement is the exact opposite removing or taking away stimulus of the action not occurring again. The two types of conditioning we are covering is classical and operant. Conditioning is learning through repetition of exercises of rewards or punishment to get a response. The pioneer scientist in classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning is also known as a Respondent or Pavlovian conditioning. Classical is also involuntary which is one of the major differences from operant conditioning. Classical conditioning happens when an unrelated response through association with a stimulus that already makes a similar or related response. An example of classical conditioning is for some people when you hear the sound of running water you need to use the bathroom. The other types of conditioning are Operant, also called Instrumental and Skinnerian conditioning. In operant conditioning the punishment, reward, or in other words outcome is important. That adds to the probability that the act will be repeated or not. Operant conditioning is where consequences of a  particular behavior are described on the repetition of that same behavior. B.F. Skinners experiment of operant conditioning was a cat in a puzzle box. The only way the cat could get out was to pull on a rope; at first the cat did it by mistake. As the experiment went on the cats behavior became more and more purposeful. Soon the cat learned that the door opened immediately for his food. Skinners theory of reward was called positive reinforcement, and his theory of punishment was known as negative reinforcement. Reinforcement always increases the strength of the preceding behavior. Skinner was credited with the law of affect meaning an action will be repeated if it is rewarded. Another type of operant conditioning is called, Extinction. Extinction is a particular behavior that is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or stopping a negative condition. So far this report has broken down stimulus and observable reward and punishment behavior. Overall, some scientists believe the behavior cannot be explained by these theories alone. So next we come to cognitive social theory. Unlike Skinners black box theory, German psychologist Wolfgang Kohler wanted to look deeper inside the box. Kohler believed that solving a complex problem was responding to the stimuli in a trial and error statement. One of his experiments was with using a chimpanzee to try and find his way out of a cage and luring to reach a banana from the ceiling by using its insight to grasp the banana. Kohler tried the experiment again with another chimp placing him in the cage with two sticks this time and placing the banana farther then its grasp. The chimp lost interest in the banana when it was farther but then realized he could use the two sticks to extend his reach, allowing it (the chimp) to obtain the banana. Kohler called this a, learning insight. To wrap up this report we learned that the different types of conditioning are based on reward and punishment and they all have their own different theories and they are still being tested and experimented today.

How to Boat on the Chesapeake :: Expository Process Essays

How to Boat on the Chesapeake An experienced mariner knows that boating can be a very relaxing and rewarding sport that anyone can enjoy. He also knows that there is much more involved in the sport than simply getting into a boat and sailing off on the sun-glistened waters of the Chesapeake Bay. Unfortunately, most people who are new to the sport don' t realize all that is involved in boating, sometimes until it is too late. By taking the time to learn some basic information, picking up some important charts and publications, and buying a valuable marine radio, anyone can enjoy boating safely. Â   The Maryland Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, and U.S. Power Squadron are organizations that offer basic boating safety courses in the Chesapeake Bay area. All three organizations are staffed with experts in boating safely. Classes are available through these groups to anyone who wishes to learn more about boating. The operator of a vessel used for recreation is not required to attend any of these classes, but the U.S. Coast Guard strongly recommends that one of these courses be taken before hitting the water. Information about these classes is available by contacting the U.S. Coast Guard Safe Boating Hotline at (800) 368-5647. Â   Along with taking a boating safety course, all boaters should have the appropriate charts and publications for the area that they wish to use their boat. All charts and publications that are printed for the Chesapeake Bay area are available from most marine dealers or local marinas. A boater should have at least one chart of the area he is operating in, along with a current listing of all buoys and aids to navigation in that vicinity. Again, for information concerning which chart the operator will need, contact the U.S. Coast Guard Safe Boating Hotline. Listings of aids to navigation are published monthly by the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency, and are available to the public at a small cost. The U.S. Coast Guard also issues Notice to Mariner Statements advising of any local changes to the aids every day at 8:00 am and again at 4:00 pm on marine radio channel 22. Â   According to U.S. How to Boat on the Chesapeake :: Expository Process Essays How to Boat on the Chesapeake An experienced mariner knows that boating can be a very relaxing and rewarding sport that anyone can enjoy. He also knows that there is much more involved in the sport than simply getting into a boat and sailing off on the sun-glistened waters of the Chesapeake Bay. Unfortunately, most people who are new to the sport don' t realize all that is involved in boating, sometimes until it is too late. By taking the time to learn some basic information, picking up some important charts and publications, and buying a valuable marine radio, anyone can enjoy boating safely. Â   The Maryland Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, and U.S. Power Squadron are organizations that offer basic boating safety courses in the Chesapeake Bay area. All three organizations are staffed with experts in boating safely. Classes are available through these groups to anyone who wishes to learn more about boating. The operator of a vessel used for recreation is not required to attend any of these classes, but the U.S. Coast Guard strongly recommends that one of these courses be taken before hitting the water. Information about these classes is available by contacting the U.S. Coast Guard Safe Boating Hotline at (800) 368-5647. Â   Along with taking a boating safety course, all boaters should have the appropriate charts and publications for the area that they wish to use their boat. All charts and publications that are printed for the Chesapeake Bay area are available from most marine dealers or local marinas. A boater should have at least one chart of the area he is operating in, along with a current listing of all buoys and aids to navigation in that vicinity. Again, for information concerning which chart the operator will need, contact the U.S. Coast Guard Safe Boating Hotline. Listings of aids to navigation are published monthly by the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency, and are available to the public at a small cost. The U.S. Coast Guard also issues Notice to Mariner Statements advising of any local changes to the aids every day at 8:00 am and again at 4:00 pm on marine radio channel 22. Â   According to U.S.

Defense Attorneys Essay

Discuss the role of defense attorney’s in the courtroom workgroup. A defense attorney is a lawyer who provides legal representation for a person who has been arrested and charged for breaking the law or when an individual been served with a lawsuit. For example, when another individual filing the lawsuit goes after money for damages or justifiable relief of some sort. A very small portion of lawyers actually discuss that they work as criminal defense attorneys. This is because of the negative labeling assigned to the profession by American Social Forces. However defense attorneys are very important in the criminal justice system. They work to protect the innocent from being falsely convicted, and they work to protect the constitutional rights of all defendants. When a criminal defendant cannot afford to pay for the services of a private legal attorney, the United States Supreme Court requires that a defense attorney be appointed to represent the defendant. This expense is covered by taxpayers. There are three major categories of defense attorneys to help assist criminal defendants: * Private attorneys usually referred to as retained counsel.

The Key Dimensions Of Gender Equality - 920 Words

The key influences/dimensions of gender equality in the workplace comparing UK and Greece Introduction The aim of this essay is to critically analyze the key influences/ dimensions of gender equality in the workplace comparing U.K and Greece. There are many dimensions of gender equality in the workplace that have been researched and studied carefully over the years. This study will critically examine and highlight the importance of the key dimensions of gender equality in the workplace in these two countries as well as to compare them. Firstly, in order to analyze these key dimensions the following concepts need to be defined: Gender Equality Gender equality is achieved when men and women have the same rights and opportunities in all†¦show more content†¦ANAGNOSTOU, D., 2013. Gender Constitutional Reform and Feminist Mobilization in Greece and the EU: From Formal to Substantive Equality?. Canadian Journal of Law and Society [online]. 28 (2), pp. 133-150. [viewed 7 May 2017]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259434797_Gender_Constitutional_Reform_and_Feminist_Mobilization_in_Greece_and_the_EU_From_Formal_to_Substantive_Equality 3. BRADLEY, H. HEALY, G., 2008. Ethnicity and gender at work: inequalities, careers and employment relations, Palgrave Macmillan. New York: Basingstoke. 4. CABRERA, E.F., 2009. Protean Organizations: Reshaping Work and Careers to Retain Female Talent. Career Development International. [online]. 14 (2), pp. 186-201. [viewed 5 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/13620430910950773 5. CIPD, 2010. Creating an Engaged Workforce [online]. CIPD. [viewed 30 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/DD66E557-DB90-4F07-8198-87C3876F3371/0/Creating_engaged_workforce.pdf 6. GOLTZ, S.M. HIETAPELTO, A.B. 2013. Translating the Social Watch Gender Equity Index for University Use. Change. 45(3), pp. 66-73. 7. ELWÉR, S., HARRYSON, L., BOLIN, M. HAMMARSTRÃâ€"M, A. 2013. Patterns of Gender Equality at Workplaces and Psychological Distress: e53246, PLoS One, 8(1). 8. EQUAL PAY ACT 1970, 1970. Managerial Law, 8(5), pp. 1048-1057. 9. GROSSER, K. MOON, J., 2008. Developments in companyShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality : Developing Countries And The Reason For The Human Development963 Words   |  4 PagesSince the beginning of time gender inequality has been an obstacle towards the human development of countries around the world. The Human Development Index was created to showcase the average achievement of males and females. However, females have been oppressed of their opportunities throughout time, which contradicts the main idea of the Human Development Index. To understand the difference between developed and developing countries and the reason for the gender gap between males and females thereRead MoreSummary : Muller V. Oregon1540 Words   |  7 Pagesactions taken only reinforce gender formations- once again attacking the plea for equal opportunity. Because of this alarming backlash in societal equity, the Supreme Court’s decision should be deemed unjust. Although the case recognizes the signi ficance of employee rights in the workforce, the decision is restricted to the sole protection of female workers and only reiterates the hegemonic and patriarchal ideologies that attack the progression of socio-gender equality through legislative action.Read MoreTaking a Look at Organizational Culture767 Words   |  3 Pagesmanagers needing to have a thorough understanding of the culture, will become evident. Hofstede’s theory of dimensions, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Kotter’s theory of change, will support this. The dimensions of corporate culture are basically the measures that make each organisation distinct from one another. Geert Hofstede’s theory consists of six cultural dimensions. These dimensions are: Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Individualism against Collectivism, Masculinity against FemininityRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women1255 Words   |  6 PagesHowever feminism maintains that women are treated in an unfair ways. Social gender roles lead to various forms of inequality and disparity between men and women, which in relation to the socio economic, political and cultural ideologies plays a negative role in girls (Asley 2014) .While some societies, defend gender differences based on their cultural norms and religious beliefs, this tends to restrict women physical and mental space.†Across social classes girls tends to have less physical mobilityRead MoreHow Culture Has Become Very Important Topic Of International Business1484 Words   |  6 P agestrustworthiness and respectful environment and motivates them to be their own best for the organization. Also, understanding the human diversities based on the six cultural dimensions; prepare leaders having strategy for leading their team. This paper attempts to find relationship between leadership behavior and Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions. Lee, Y., Liu, W. (2012) â€Å"Professor Greet Hofstede conducted one of the most comprehensive studies on how values in the workplace are influenced by culture†. LeeRead MoreEssay on Lean In: Women, Work and the Will to Lead by Sheryl Sandberg739 Words   |  3 Pageshow to overcome struggles such as balancing a family and a career. All through Lean In, Sandberg uses the fourth dimension of interpersonal effects through a Narrative to show her indicated stance on gender construction, she includes examples of marked forms as well as cultural gender expectations within communication. From the start of the introduction Sandberg indicates her stance, a key factor to a narrative, by saying â€Å"It has been more than two decades since I entered the workforce, and so muchRead MoreRacial Gap And Social Mobility1139 Words   |  5 Pagessocial mobility is key in providing conduits to greater equality in societies with high social inequality. Social mobility however can typically be hypothesized in terms of its direction and distance based on the quantity of the movement. There is complexity in trying to analyze the different rates that constitute the mobility structure of a society one reason being the fact that societies exhibit more than one dimension along which this kind of mobility can take place. These dimensions are in referenceRead MoreEssay on Diversity in the Workplace1258 Words   |  6 Pagesdiversity. Focused in its early years on racial equality, the movement widened its scope to include equality based on gender, age, sexual orientation and disabilities. And as members of these various groups struggled for recognition, they developed a new sense of pride in what made them distinctive. This sense of pride in diversity has led the nation to where it is today. It is important to identify various dimensions of workplace diversity. The first dimension involves primary levels of diversity. ThatRead MorePotentials Of The Civil Society And Caveats1594 Words   |  7 Pagesof women in civil society spaces predefined as men’s spaces may not lead to significant empowerment of women. This is because women remains to be dependent on patriarchal systems and has tendency to accommodate existing structures that perpetuates gender inequality. In most cases within the civil society realm, economic status also hinders women’s individual empowerment. Mudege and Kwangwari (2013) also asserts that women who holds economic power tends to have bigger say that those with less. ItRead MoreDifferences Between Gender And Social Division Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagessocial division in Aoteroa New Zealand organised around gender relations†. Gender relation refers to differences that appear in all aspects of men and women lives and how these differences impact on accessing resources and seizing opportunities for personal development. Social division can be defined as a group of individuals who share common economic resources which strongly influence their lifestyle. Relation and interdependence between gender and social division is a main topic in New Zealand as