Antitrust Claims- Microsoft Corporation Essays -

Antitrust Claims- Microsoft Corporation Stephen W. Pore BUS 670- Legal Environment Professor Blake Dahl November 3, 2012 In the technology industry certain laws are created to promoted fair competition within the marketplace. These laws are called antitrust laws which are created to avoid activities that influence hurt or unfairly harm consumers and other businesses within the designated industry. A well-known corporation that has faced turmoil of the antitrust laws is Microsoft Corporation. This paper will present some antitrust claims faced by the Microsoft Corporation, analyze the charges imposed against Microsoft and whether the charges were valid in Microsoft pursuit for future developing. In 1998, the United States Department of Justice and 20 states actually filed a set of civil actions against Microsoft alleging that Microsoft?s handling of its operating system sales and web browser sales abused the software giant?s monopoly power in the Intel-based personal computer market (Mallor, Barnes, & Langvardt, 2010). Federal District Court for the District of Columbia alleged that Microsoft harmed Netscape's browser business through anticompetitive practices related to the Windows operating system. Microsoft will further provide AOL with a new worldwide distribution channel for software to certain PC users, and provide technical cooperation and information "to ensure the best possible AOL member experience on current and future Microsoft operating systems"(Weil, 2003). According to the case In July 1994, officials at the Department of Justice ("DOJ"), on behalf of the United States, filed suit against Microsoft, charging the company with, among other things, unlawfully maintaining a monopoly in the operating system market through anticompetitive terms in its licensing and software developer agreements (U.S. Court of Appeals Opinion, 2001). In the fair trade competition, antitrust laws are legal rules to promote fair competition in the marketplace that can apply to both businesses and individuals. Even accepting the district court's findings, its conclusion that Microsoft violated the Sherman Act is unsustainable. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, considered the most important of these acts, focuses on association actions in prohibiting contracts, combination or conspiracy in restraint of federal or foreign trade commerce. The second section mainly targets the actions of individual businesses in its prohibition of monopolization and attempted monopolization. Another Antitrust Act is called the Clayton. The Clayton Act of 1914 specifically discourses the competitive risks arising from price discrimination, binding arrangements, limited distributing, mergers, and connecting executives. Unlike the government case, however, which alleged that Microsoft used its market position to harm competition by incorporating new features into the operating systems at no additional cost, these private class-action lawsuits claim that Microsoft overcharged consumers. Microsoft has successfully obtained dismissals of a substantial number of these cases and has made a concerted effort to resolve these private class-action lawsuits through settlement where reasonably possible (Antitrust Settlement Fact Sheet, 2007). In conclusion software industries, where the consumer value of a particular product, such as a mobile or a personal computer, increases as the number of consumers using that product increases, firms have a tremendous incentive to compete to have their own product accepted as the industry standard. In the history of Microsoft Corporation it is a enlarge computer software manufacturer with one of the highest value worth in the world developed by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1978. Microsoft has produces the Windows family of operating systems for personal computers and servers. Identifying that those platforms had the potential to succeed allowed possibility to distributed so that other businesses have a tremendous incentive to compete to have their own product accepted as the industry standard. Reference Antitrust Settlement Fact Sheet. (2007, January 17). Retrieved from http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/legal/01-17-06AntitrustFS.mspx http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/legal/01-17-06AntitrustFS.mspx Mallor, J., Barnes, A.J., Bowers, L.T. and Langvardt, A.W. (2010). Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E-Commerce Environment. 14th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York, N.Y. U.S. Court of Appeals Opinion, 00-5212 (United States Court of Appeals June 28, 2001). Retrieved November 05, 2012, from http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/legal/06-28opinion.mspx Weil, N. a. (2003, May 28). Tech events: AOL, Microsoft Settle Netscape Suit. Retrieved from PCWorld: http://www.pcworld.com/article/110930/article.html

Callimachus and Virgils Eclogue Essays

Callimachus and Virgils Eclogue Essays Callimachus and Virgils Eclogue Essay Callimachus and Virgils Eclogue Essay Titters sings about two shepherds who capture Silence and make him sing, is not only a poem about Silence mythical song. The poem also makes direct reference to Virgins contemporaries Virus and Gallus, as well as more subtle references to other poets and forms of poetry. Although the words are put into the mouth of Titters, the direct naming of Virus and Gallus blurs the line between the voices of Titters and Virgil, making it clear that the poet is always present in his characters. All the allusion in this poem makes it clear that Eclogue 6 is not only bout the song of Silence but is also a poem about poetry, in which Virgil shows not only his influences but also his poetical ambitions. The poem opens with a direct reference to his Sicilian strains , a reference to Theocratic, whose work includes famous Bucolic poems to which Virgil imitates and alludes throughout the Eclogues, and who can be said to have created the genre. Virgil sets up a comparison between such bucolic poetry and epic poetry when he says nor did [my Muse] blush to dwell in the woods , referring to the supposed inferiority of bucolic poetry to epic. The comparison between the Eclogues and epic becomes clear in the recitation which follows in lines 3-8. The rages et profile of line 3, which is the subject-matter suitable for epic, captures the essence of epic poetry in a way that Virgil will repeat at the beginning of the Amended with his arm virtue canon opening. Virgil refuses to take on epic poetry by citing Apollo advice to him that a shepherd Should feed sheep that are fat, but sing a lay fine-spun. This closely echoes Apollo advice to Calamitous at the beginning of his Theta, where Apollo says poet, feed the victim to be as fat as possible but, my friend, keep the Muse slender. This almost direct translation from Greek to Latin makes the reference to Calamitous unmistakable and raises the question of why Virgil alludes to Calamitous here. Other references to Calamitous can be found in the praise of Gallus in lines 64-73, when Gallus is given the reed-pipe of the Cesarean Hissed, showing Gallus imitation of Hosiers Theosophy but the imitation had already been done in the Theta of Calamitous, which Virgil duly references with origin in line 72, a erect translation of action in Greek. Furthermore, line 8 of Eclogue 6 aggregates tenet meditated harebrained MUSM closely echoes line 2 of Eclogue 1, also featuring Titters, specifically in the emphasis on tenet or slender, a key feature of Calcimine poetry. Therefore Virgil references Calamitous both directly and indirectly, expressing the same poetic intent as Calamitous to avoid epic in almost the same words as Calamitous, the Alexandria poet of the 3rd century BC who wrote the Theta, a collection of elegiac poems, and was renowned for his rejection of pick poetry, preferring to write shorter works packed closely with subtle allusion. Calamitous had either a moral or aesthetic opposition to epic and he laid the foundations for the Alexandria type of poetry which similarly employed dense allusion to myth and to other poetry. Calcimine poetry and stay away from epic, there are numerous passages which cast doubt on the strength of his support for the Calcimine aesthetic and demonstrate a desire to experiment with other forms of poetry. In lines 11-12 Virgil says that no page is more welcome than that which bears on its front the name of Virus, yet Virus is the subject to be written about in epic poetry, and in this poem he can be said to represent the genre with his name. Likewise Virgil endorses the love poet Gallus, who will tell of the birth of the Granny wood, that there be no grove wherein Apollo glories more. The references to other forms of poetry are not only invoked by the names of representatives but are also hidden in the style of the poem. Lines 31-40 in the song of Silence are strongly evocative of the didactic poetry of Lucrative as Silence tells of the origin of the world. Furthermore, it is significant that, having opened the poem with what seems to be a personal programmatic statement, the remainder and vast majority is spoken by Silence who heard the words from the laurels who heard them from the river Reroutes who heard them from Apollo. By using Silence as a mouthpiece it is possible that Virgil is merely mimicking the poetry he pretends to endorse. Finally, the link to Eclogue 1 established earlier with the important word tenet also presents issues for the Calcimine statement, since Rome and the land-confiscations break through into that eclogue.

Examine one aspect of modernization that impacted US about the great Essay

Examine one aspect of modernization that impacted US about the great san francisco earthquake of 1906 - Essay Example Reference is made to the great San Francisco earthquake of 1906 and the relation between this event and modernization. The earthquake in San Francisco in 1906 is considered as ‘one of the worst natural disasters in US history ‘ (MCEER 2012). One particular aspect of the impact of modernization on US in the context of the above event is explored: the destruction of Chinatown in San Francisco as a result of the earthquake and the effects of this event on the life of locals and other Americans. It is proved that the social effects of natural disasters can often be more severe than their environmental effects. In other words, modernization can often affect more profoundly the social life compared to severe natural disasters, the above view, as explored below, cannot lead to the assumption that modernization is the only aspect of social life affected by important natural disasters, as the earthquake of 1906 in San Francisco. Modernization, as developed through the decades, has been related to objectivism, a term used to reflect the trend of people to understand the meaning of things around them according to their needs (Wang, Yu and McLean 20). The specific trend is of particular importance in order to understand the response of people, especially residents, to the earthquake of 1906 in San Francisco. In the particular event, two were the issues mostly highlighted: the response of people to critical events can be differentiated according to a series of factors; also, natural disasters can often heavily affect social life, at the level that the implications of a natural disaster on a country’s social norms are often difficult to be clearly identified and addressed. Indeed, after the earthquake, Chinese, who are of a different social and cultural background compared to the city’s other residents, have tried to move their community, showing willingness to re-establish their social and

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Book Review - Essay Example Eventually, America has made to become a society which permits ordinary people to lead the government and give every citizen their right to vote. The transition of America into a democratic country had also been easy considering that the patriot leaders leave no interest for the powers that the position gives them. Wood (1992) emphasizes that "the Revolution was the most radical and far reaching event in American history" (p. 8). It means that the revolution significantly affected the American society and politically changed the rules from British to American ideals. Accepting the radical nature of the American Revolution is important within the context of the socio- political society especially during the eighteenth century. Also, it is important to highlight the appreciation for the political and social aspects of the colonial society that is impossible to disentangle. The leaders then are not just revolting against the political system of the British government but also its colonial society in America. Wood thinks that the republicanism society had affected British thoughts in a wide sense. Accordingly, republicanism is not accepted to any political life of an English society. However, monarchical and republican values are present in their culture and there are many considerable monarchists that accepted the ideals of republicanism regardless of the long-run consequences they might face. They do not always use the term though, but republicanism is regarded as a set of values and a kind of life where it is more understandable and liberal. Yet, the mid-18th century is the era when the social change took place, the past remains obstinate. American colonists are the English; they share the statement that order and stability in society came from the monarchical type of society. The king is subject to as dependent being and less autonomous. But, the American people see

Global Faces of Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Faces of Racism - Essay Example Indeed, racism is a belief that classifies humans into discrete â€Å"races† or groups (Berg & Wendt, 2011). As such, this paper surveys the topic of global racism extensively. Purpose of Racism Racism is commensurate to a plan, which may by utilized by individuals to effectively initiate their exploitative ideas. Disseminators of racism have numerous reasons for upholding the practice. Initially, the main purpose of racism was to validate economic exploitations. In 19th centuries, slaves, who were captives from inferior races, fueled the American industries (Berg & Wendt, 2011). Slavery provided discounted force to the industries; however, the practice was unethical. Therefore, the promoters of the norm established a scheme of concealing their ideologies within racial differences; thus, defending their malevolent deeds. It could then appear sensible to account that inferior races had an obligation of serving the â€Å"master† or superior race. Apparently, this idea est ablishes the root to racism. Importantly, oppressors claimed that, groups that sold their own, were responsible for their people’s suffering; hence, masters were less accountable (Reilly, Kaufman & Bodino, 2003). Additionally, the idea of racism was also used in workplaces by employers to win employees faith and make them feel comfortable with the environment availed. According to Kivel (2002), a strategy utilized by employers to lure white male employees into industrial jobs in 19th century was validation that at least they were not slaves. Consequently, such employees would maintain their white muscularity whole, while sacrificing their economic independence because they could sensibly go by the employer’s claim that working in the factory was never considerable to being a slave. Indeed, employers influenced racism for economic benefits by developing a false sense of pride and prospects among white employees an aspect that proliferated racism in the society. Evidentl y, the United State’s workplace presently has segregation that accounts for different classes, races and gender (Kivel 2002). An apparent purpose of racism is developed by the human’s self-centered nature. Humanity has pride in being the best or a victor. The question of superiority attracts a substantial controversy. The idea may appear obtuse, but it occupies a crucial position in promoting racism. A sense of being superior to the neighbor may lack material benefits but could provide some sense of satisfaction especially to those enable to fight self-pride. Consequently, such self-centered individuals establish assertions that their race outshines others (Kivel, 2002). However, evaluating the strength of characters by virtually viewing physical attributes like color, is an irrational approach that is not justifiable. This idea has elicited heated debates in the past with prominent scholars defacing their credibility in the battles. Concepts of Racism Racism is a vers atile model hence it ideas navigates in the society through various avenues. Racism mainly maneuvers in three structures, in individual scope, institutional and under cultural aspects. Institutional racism defines setting up of the segregating policies, association structures, missions and behaviors in Institutions and services (Watt, 1999). This idea may avail an environment favoring a certain group. Mainly, these components

Jesus Christ As The Redeemer And Savior Religion Essay

Jesus Christ As The Redeemer And Savior Religion Essay I believe the doctrine of Salvation focuses on Jesus Christ as the redeemer and savior of the world. God sent Gods Son into the world to seek and save that which was lost (Luke19:10).Scripture is filled with accounts of the revelation of God breaking into human life as a surprising gift and unsettling commission. The word revelation is used in different contexts, some are trivial and others are serious. Revelation has to do with the knowledge of God and ourselves that is surprising and disturbing because it is an event that shakes us to the core. Jesus came to earth fully God and fully human to offer himself as the ultimate sacrifice for our sin rejoining us to God who created us. The New Testament scriptures declare Jesus came as God (John 1:1; Hebrews 1:8) and man. Jesus is Lord, but Jesus lived among us as man that we might know that God is tangibly concerned about the totality of our deprived [or depraved?]human existence. Through faith in Jesus Christ humanity now enters into the same relationship with God that Jesus enjoyed prior to, during and after his earthly ministry. As the second person in the Godhead, Jesus Christ offers humanity hope for a restored existence on earth as well as hope for life and death. Jesus death and resurrection represents for all Christians the perfect hope that we are created by an all-loving God who does not desire to destroy creation, but sustain it eternally. We no longer need to fear an eternal death or separation from God. For God so loved the world that God gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life (John 3:16). His name shall be called Jesus for He shall save his people. Salvation is the greatest manifestation of Gods power. Creation was a great work of God; it was His breath, God spoke and it was done. But, when it came to our salvation He had to give more than His breath; He gave His blood (Acts 20:28). I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and the only way to God, and that Jesus died on the cross for my sins and rose from the dead for my justification. I believe salvation is an individual act; we accept Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, we believe in our heart and confess our sins. I believe that true salvation simultaneously includes justification, regeneration, and sanctification. I believe that regeneration is a supernatural work of the Holy Spirit, which is beyond human comprehension (John 3:1-5), where humankinds old physical nature is born a new spiritual nature for the sake of having the potential to enter into the kingdom of God (John 3:3-7; Titus 3:5). I believe in the work of regeneration, the Holy Spirit is the initiating force for change and life for the believer. It is the spirit that quickens, the flesh profits nothing, the words that I speak unto you, they are spirit, and they are life. (John 6:63) He saved us by the washing of regeneration and renewing of the Holy Spirit. (Titus 3:5) I believe that the true outcome or sign of regeneration is manifested in righteous attitude, conduct, and good works,(1 Corinthians 6:19-20; Ephesians 5:17-21; Philippians 2:12; Colossians 3:16-17; 2 Peter 1:4-10). The work of regeneration is spiritual conversion accomplished without delay, and it is accomplished through the power of the Holy Spirit, which is prompted through an individuals response by faith to the Word of God or the voice of the Son of God (John 5:24-25). The manifestation of evidence can be accomplished by or while the believer transitions from the initial conversion experience, to becoming more like the image of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ (2 Corinthians 3:18). As soon as we are regenerated the Holy Spirit gives us a changed mind and attitude, a new heart, as well as new spirit. Thus, we are no longer slaves to ungodliness and worldly lust, but we live soberly, walking in the light and in the spirit so that we do not fulfill the lusts of the flesh or the old nature. I believe justification is to be distinguished from regeneration in that while regeneration is the change of the sinners nature by the Holy Spirit, justification is the change of the sinners standing by a declarative act of God in which sins are remitted and the sinner is freed from condemnation. Justification is the expression of Gods judicial function. Justification proceeds on the imputing or crediting to the believer by God himself of the perfect righteousness, active and passive, of his representation and surety, Jesus Christ. For it is with your heart that you believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you confess and are saved. (Romans 10:10) Justification is not forgiveness of a man without righteousness, but a declaration that he possesses a righteousness which perfectly and forever satisfies the law, namely, Christ righteousness (2 Corinthians 5:21;Romans 4:6-8). Sanctification is the believers spiritual experience, beginning with the renewed birth that occurs at the believers conversion experience, which is sometimes called being born-again. It is during this new birth experience that the instantaneous act of sanctification begins its work. Jesus Christ, even though he was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin (Hebrew 4:15), which makes Jesus the perfect example of someone being able to live free from all moral impurity within the presence of temptation and worldly evil. And Jesus prayed, And for their sakes I sanctify myself, that they also might be sanctified through the truth (John 17:19). I believe that election is the act of God by which, before the foundation of the world, God chose salvation (offered freely), to those who would believe on his name, whom God graciously regenerates, saves, and sanctifies, justifies and glorifies, (Romans 8:28-30; 2 Thessalonians 2:13; 2 Timothy 2:10; 1 Peter 1:1-2). The purpose of Gods grace includes the means of receiving the gift of salvation (John 1:16) and the gift itself, which is the only begotten son of the Father full of grace and truth (John 1:14). I believe that election has a two-fold call, meaning all whom God calls to Godself will respond by faith, and all who come in faith as a response to the whosoever will invitation God will also gladly receive (John 6:37-40, 44; John 1:12; Acts 13:48: James 4:8). The grace of God is considered to be a great doctrinal truth, because according to Ephesians 1:4 it has been Gods plan for man before the creation of this world and it is also considered to be the core of our relationship with God. I believe our election is through His Grace. Election according to the foreknowledge of God, through sanctification of the Spirit, unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ: grace unto you, and peace, be multiplied. (1 Peter 1:2) I believe election is Gods gracious purpose for humankind to obtain eternal life. His purpose also includes His good pleasure for the elect to experience regeneration, justification, sanctification, and glorification. It is the glorious demonstration of Gods sovereign goodness, which leaves man no room to boast, but should embrace humility. I believe our salvation is through Gods grace, because of Gods great love for us, he shows mercy by forgiving our transgressions and sins. Instead of the death that we should rightly receive as a reward for our sins we are made alive with Christ. Only Christ can deliver us the penalty of death and restore us to Divine favor and give everlasting life (John 3:16-19; I John 5:10-12).

violence :: essays research papers

In the fictional short story â€Å"The Child by Tiger† no event occurs with out purpose. Authors of fictional short stories have to produce a well-read piece without any excess information or events. Thomas Wolfe was no exception to this rule. He demonstrated a serious fictional short story without any overflow of information or detail. An act of violence in a story provides suspense, drama, mystery, and other specific advantages. Wolfe also displays the result of violent acts, especially in small towns. In â€Å"The Child by Tiger† Dick’s violent act seems both shocking and surprising, but offers and excellent gateway to wrap up the end of a story. The violent act of Dick Prosser, the Shepperton’s servant presents the story with a great crescendo of conflict and suspense. This kind, gentle, respectful man changed suddenly into a cold-blooded killer. The purpose of this violence in the story was to show the reader the need for Dick to be free. Literally, he was free, but because of his position as the Shepperton’s â€Å"Negro man† he was not. He even went as far as to kill people just so he could live his own life. Without the author’s use of violence Dick’s point would not be made as boldly. If he had talked to Mr. Shepperton about his desire to live his own life, it would not have made such an impression on the readers as it did when he became violent. Also, if Dick did in fact speak to Mr. Shepperton about his desire to live his own life and if it was granted to him the story would have had a nice moral, but not offer the same excitement and drama as it did. The reader can also assume that if he was â€Å"freed† that he would have a difficult time trying to find employment and respect because this story takes place about 1937. Another interesting fact bout â€Å"the Child by Tiger† was that Thomas Wolfe provided subtle, yet imperative, foreshadowing to the readers. Throughout the story, a reader could have a feeling that something exciting should be happening but could never be exactly sure. The narrator described Dick as having a muscular build, and when throwing the football he aimed it over his outstretched hands â€Å"as if he were pointing a gun.† We find out that later in the story he does in fact use a gun as a means to try to â€Å"free† himself by killing and injuring several people, before running out of town.

Analytical Essay About Leaders Essay

What is a leader? A leader is a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country. There are many types of leaders. A leader can be a laissez-faire leader that lacks direct supervision and fails to provide regular feedback to those they lead, an autocrat that possesses total authority and take decisions upon their own will without consulting those who are following or even a participative leader who has the responsibility of making the final decision but greatly includes the opinions, ideas and feedback of those they lead. Leaders can also be transactional leaders who receive certain tasks to conduct and give rewards or punishments to those under them based on their performance or transformational leaders who motivate followers and increase productivity using communicative techniques and involvement in the tasks they set. Not only that, a leader also has to have some traits that correspond to their types of leadership. For example, transformational leaders have to be patient with their followers otherwise relationships can break down and the whole idea of efficiency is destroyed. Leaders need to be persuasive as well to motivate and convince their followers to believe in an idea or their ability to do a task which they hesitate to do or think they are unable to. As seen in history and many novels, leaders lead differently than other leaders as ideas, methods and perceptions of perfection differ between them. For example, the ideas and methods used by Queen Elizabeth the First differed from those used by Sampath Chawla from the novel entitled ‘Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard’ written by Kiran Desai as well as Mark Antony from the play entitled ‘The tragedy of Julius Caesar’ written by the famous William Shakespeare. The three of them all differed in how they led their followers and using which ideas to do so. Despite differing in many aspects, they all shared some common traits that are the bases of leadership. In ‘The Tragedy of Julius Caesar’, some conspirators had killed the almost roman emperor, Julius Caesar. They did so, giving the false reason that they wanted to rid him of the fear or worry of death. Mark Antony, using persuasive techniques, managed to change the mindsets of the public who believed in the conspirators’ reason into believing that Caesar was a good man and had no bad intentions, which is what the conspirators’ thought. Mark Antony uses persuasive techniques like repetition, false intentions and sophistry. He uses these in his speech at Caesar’s burial to convince the crowd into believing his ideas by first commending Brutus on how honorable he is but then repeating how honorable he is to make the crowd question their faith in Brutus. He also says that he did not arrive to praise Caesar but to bury him which is exactly the opposite of what he wanted to do. Another false intention was that he did not want to disprove Brutus which is exactly what he did by using appropriate facts. Lastly, his speech was sophisticated and so led the crowd to believing that he was superior to Brutus which cemented his gaining the crowd’s support. In ‘Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard’, the main character, Sampath, is a leader later on in the novel after losing his job at the post office where he reads every letter that passes him. He becomes a sort of spiritual leader as he passes on some of the knowledge, both useful and downright senseless, to those who believe he is one. He manages to convince the people who come to him for advice, as he seemingly has an answer that seems meaningful and wise, using persuasive techniques that include loaded language and glittering generalities. An example of the responses he gives to people is when someone asked him if anyone could comprehend all there is to know about god to which Sampath replied ‘‘ Once you have broken the bottle you can no longer distinguish the air inside from the air outside’’ This represents the colorful and loaded language Sampath represents as well as his ability to confuse and manipulate people into thinking meaningless sentences like these have greater meaning and that is the reason they cannot understand. He is also a leader because he represents a symbol of knowledge and religious importance and this gives people something to look forward to, believe in and rely upon. Queen Elizabeth the First was a leader as well when she ruled over England in 1588. She was brave, intelligent, caring and because of this, loved by the people. At this time, England was about to go to war with Spain. The units in concern were the naval fleets of both nations that were about to engage in combat. The Spanish fleet, nicknamed the Spanish Armada, were in comparison to the English fleet, bigger, stronger and heavily armored and this caused the soldiers to doubt their own ability to win and caused large bouts of cowardice. Despite this, the English fleet came out victorious. Queen Elizabeth, on the eve of the Spanish Armada, gave a powerful speech that motivated her soldiers and showed her love and respect for the country. She used persuasive techniques like bandwagon appeal to bring out the desire to belong in the soldiers, rewards that gave incentive to the soldiers to fight, win and return, loaded language to appeal to her audience, a tone of self-assurance to show that she knows the position of power she is in and how she is not threatened by anything on the outside and lastly, the most powerful technique she used was to keep using the word ‘we’ to show how they are all united and how she was willing to give up everything for the nation. This inspired the confidence needed to win the battle. A leader is a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country. This is what all three leaders have shown, the ability to lead. They have shown this in their own ways and with their own ideas. They all share this common trait as well as being persuasive and adapting intelligently to fit the situation. That is the basic leadership trait that all successful leaders throughout history have shown and that is all that is needed in order to be a successful leader.

1949 UN Resolution Calling for Referendum on Kashmir

1949 UN Resolution Calling for Referendum on Kashmir Pakistan was carved out of India in 1947 as the Muslim counterweight to Indias Hindu population. Predominantly Muslim Kashmir to the north of both countries was divided between them, with India dominating two-thirds of the region and Pakistan one third. A Muslim-led revolt against the Hindu ruler triggered a build-up of Indian troops and an attempt by India to annex the whole in 1948, provoking a war with Pakistan, which sent troops and Pashtun tribesmen to the region. A UN commission called for the withdrawal of both countries troops in August 1948. The United Nations brokered a cease-fire in 1949, and a five-member commission made up of Argentina, Belgium, Columbia, Czechoslovakia and the United States drew up a resolution calling for a referendum to decide Kashmirs future. The full text of the resolution, which India never allowed to be implemented, follows. Resolution of the Commission of January 5, 1949 The United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan, Having received from the Governments of India and Pakistan, in communications dated 23 December and 25 December 1948, respectively, their acceptance of the following principles which are supplementary to the Commissions Resolution of 13 August 1948: 1. The question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite; 2. A plebiscite will be held when it shall be found by the Commission that the cease-fire and truce arrangements set forth in Parts I and II of the Commissions resolution of 13 August 1948 have been carried out and arrangements for the plebiscite have been completed; 3. (a) The Secretary-General of the United Nations will, in agreement with the Commission, nominate a Plebiscite Administrator who shall be a personality of high international standing and commanding general confidence. He will be formally appointed to office by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir.(b) The Plebiscite Administrator shall derive from the State of Jammu and Kashmir the powers he considers necessary for organizing and conducting the plebiscite and for ensuring the freedom and impartiality of the plebiscite.(c) The Plebiscite Administrator shall have authority to appoint such staff of assistants and observes as he may require. 4. (a) After implementation of Parts I and II of the Commissions resolution of 13 August 1948, and when the Commission is satisfied that peaceful conditions have been restored in the State, the Commission and the Plebiscite Administrator will determine, in consultation with the Government of India, the final disposal of Indian and State armed forces, such disposal to be with due regard to the security of the State and the freedom of the plebiscite.(b) As regards the territory referred to in A.2 of Part II of the resolution of 13 August, final disposal of the armed forces in that territory will be determined by the Commission and the Plebiscite Administrator in consultation with the local authorities. 5. All civil and military authorities within the State and the principal political elements of the State will be required to co-operate with the Plebiscite Administrator in the preparation for the holding of the plebiscite. 6. (a) All citizens of the State who have left it on account of the disturbances will be invited and be free to return and to exercise all their rights as such citizens. For the purpose of facilitating repatriation there shall be appointed two Commissions, one composed of nominees of India and the other of nominees of Pakistan. The Commission shall operate under the direction of the Plebiscite Administrator. The Governments of India and Pakistan and all authorities within the State of Jammu and Kashmir will collaborate with the Plebiscite Administrator in putting this provision into effect.(b) All person (other than citizens of the State) who on or since 15 August 1947 have entered it for other than lawful purpose, shall be required to leave the State. 7. All authorities within the State of Jammu and Kashmir will undertake to ensure, in collaboration with the Plebiscite Administrator, that: (a) There is no threat, coercion or intimidation, bribery or other undue influence on the voters in the plebiscite;(b) No restrictions are placed on legitimate political activity throughout the State. All subjects of the State, regardless of creed, caste or party, shall be safe and free in expressing their views and in voting on the question of the accession of the State to India or Pakistan. There shall be freedom of the press, speech and assembly and freedom of travel in the State, including freedom of lawful entry and exit;(c) All political prisoners are released;(d) Minorities in all parts of the State are accorded adequate protection; and(e) There is no victimization. 8. The Plebiscite Administrator may refer to the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan problems on which he may require assistance, and the Commission may in its discretion call upon the Plebiscite Administrator to carry out on its behalf any of the responsibilities with which it has been entrusted; 9. At the conclusion of the plebiscite, the Plebiscite Administrator shall report the result thereof to the Commission and to the Government of Jammu and Kashmir. The Commission shall then certify to the Security Council whether the plebiscite has or has not been free and impartial; 10. Upon the signature of the truce agreement the details of the foregoing proposals will be elaborated in the consultations envisaged in Part III of the Commissions resolution of 13 August 1948. The Plebiscite Administrator will be fully associated in these consultations; Commends the Governments of India and Pakistan for their prompt action in ordering a cease-fire to take effect from one minute before midnight of 1 January 1949, pursuant to the agreement arrived at as provided for by the Commissions Resolution of 13 August 1948; and Resolves to return in the immediate future to the Sub-continent to discharge the responsibilities imposed upon it by the Resolution of 13 August 1948 and by the foregoing principles.

William Penn John Winthrops Goals in Colonization Essay Example

William Penn John Winthrops Goals in Colonization Essay Example William Penn John Winthrops Goals in Colonization Paper William Penn John Winthrops Goals in Colonization Paper During the early colonization of the East coast of North America, many groups of people of Europe came to the New World such as the Puritans and Quakers. Both the Puritans, led by John Winthrop, and the Quakers, led by William Penn, were escaping persecution from England but each they had their own views and goals in religion, politics, and ethnic relations. Being on the native land of the local Indians, both Penn and Winthrop had to face issues and negotiations with the Indians. Penn and Winthrop had their own separate approaches to politics but they both sought a more just system than the one in England. After being persecuted, both Penn and Winthrop wanted their people to be free worship, but Penn and Winthrop each had their own approach to the institution and toleration of religion. Arriving to North America, the Indians grew worried of the growing population of European settlers and colonists coming in and taking their lands. Though both Penn and Winthrop sought to gain lands for colonization, Penn had a more peaceful approach to the Indians. Penn would create good relations with the natives and the Quakers would negotiate over the lands in a just manner. Penn encouraged the Indian culture to come into the Quaker communities while Winthrop wanted to exclude the Indians out the Puritan communities. The Puritans in turn would just take lands from the Indians and force the Indians to fall back into the backcountry. Winthrop believed that the Indians â€Å"inclose no land, neither they have any settled habitation, nor any tame Cattle to improve the land by e may lawfully take the [land]. † Aside from the relations with the Indians, both Penn and Winthrop had their different approaches to setting up a local government. Winthrop, being a Puritan, believed in creating a government that was ruled by the church and that the church makes the political decisions for the Puritan community. In contrast, Penn was a Quaker who believed that the government should be completely separated from the church and that the government shou ld consists of actual political leaders to make important decisions. Escaping from a corrupt government that England had oppressing them for many years, both Winthrop and Penn wanted a government which was self-governing and a government that was just for people. These early types of government would later help the creation of the government that would being the United States. The biggest motivation in Penn and Winthrop was their views on religion and how it should be carried out in the community. Penn was one the few and first to believe in religious oleration and freedom to worship any religion without the fear of persecution. The Quaker communities would welcome all forms of religion such as Baptism and Evangelism while the Puritans would be very secluded. The Puritans thought any other religion would bring in vile thought and immoral ideals that would affect their community. Puritans would discourage any other form of religion which made them a very isolated, homogenous, group of people. Penns views would also shape the future government of the Un ited States. Penn and Winthrop led their people to the New World with the hopes of starting a new, safe, society that escaped persecution. Their contact with the Indians and their differing views of religion would help them shape the politics of their communities. They both came with the similar goals but they would each carry it out in their own specific way. These early colonists would help influence the founding of many other communities, bringing in many new ideals and approaches that led to idea of independence, and later, the birth of the United States.

Health And Safety at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Health And Safety at Work - Essay Example Risk assessment is a managerial process that involves qualitative and quantitative analysis of risks at work with the aim of adopting proper mechanisms to avert the potential risk factors. Health and safety practices are known to enhance morale at work, improve innovation, bring about teamwork and attract employees which make it at the centre of an organizations success. This research work compares an investigated situation with the current legislation on health and safety at work to provide appropriate recommendations. Areas of Health and Safety at Work Observed areas at work where health and safety measures forms a critical part of management and includes the building in which the work is hosted. The structures in which work related activities are performed should meet certain set conditions. As safety measures require, it should be ensured that sufficient space is availed for work place, space in this context defines the ease of movement within the office or the place of work. Eno ugh of it limits the number accidents from tools and objects besides the fact that it is more efficient to work in a spacious environment. Buildings housing places of work should have immediate response mechanism in the event of fire and this is facilitated by having fire extinguishers at several strategic points as seen in number of well organized offices. Obtaining such data requires a walk through the office. It shocks to realize that most offices only have a single fire extinguisher which increases the risk of casualties in the event of a fire breakout as it may not be sufficient when needed should fire start from different points simultaneously. Emergency exits or doors also forms part of safety measures as they are the most secure means of eluding deleterious situations and the significance lies in the number and location of exits. An office or building with more exits that are distant from one another is more secure since in the event of danger, people do not scramble to pass through one but have several safe exit options. Employees are safer in a working environment equipped with first aid kits in the event of an accident. Should an accident occur, then the first aid kit provides an opportunity of averting any potential risk before seeking the help of a doctor. Health with regards to the building or office requires that a healthy environment prevails throughout the working process. The building should be equipped with proper ventilation to circulate fresh air and reduce instances of suffocation. A choked up room poses a potential health risk and to provide healthy environment, the working place needs to be circulated with air or have more openings which aids in air circulation as seen in some of the offices or working place. This can be further achieved with the help of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems that is a requirement in all office buildings. With regards to human resource which also defines the level of health and safety at work, there be should seminars to emphasize on the health and safety at work because through these forums, employees obtain crucial information that helps them in observing safety and maintaining a healthy working environment. Seminars could be the place they get enlightened on the health and safety policies. Other measure not to be overlooked is organizing services such as gym, and retreats involving physical exercise activities of

Civil War - Historiography project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Civil War - Historiography project - Essay Example rovided encouragement for the South to ratify the 13th Amendment", and was able to secure political fortune when the Congress sustained his arguments against the Freedmans Bureau Act, and then suddenly he plunged in the shadow of darkness. As per McPherson, Andrew Johnson was "untouchable because of his great power, nothing, in their perception, can toss him from their lofty eminence; except for pride, which affects the brain; it gives one a false sense of invincibility; it leads one even to think one is more than human". It is therefore suspected that Johnson was confident about his total victory, and ignored the "recipes for a thundering fall" (Walter, 1907). McPherson has mentioned that in the political era of Andrew Johnson "crowds of supporters would march to the home of their leaders and call them to the window for an impromptu address" (Matthew, 2007). Johnson has delivered such addresses on different occasions, such as when the Congress approved resolutions which supported the plan for reconstruction proposed by Johnson. Andrew forwarded the proposal for relaxation of terms for admission of Southern to the Union. The President forwarded the theory of the Union, which highlighted that the greatness of this country existed in its unity and oneness. McPherson confirmed that George Washington, Lincoln and Andrew Jackson supported the existence and rights of Union. It was Johnson who forwarded the concept of "lenient return to political standing for the South" (Richard, 1990). McPherson has agreed that "historiography of Andrew Johnson has not been kind to him; this was because most of it was written by Northerners, sympathizers with th e more Radical Republicans". McPherson has revealed interesting observation with reference to the speeches of Johnson, "Johnsons language began in a rather conciliatory vein, and quickly turned to spite and vitriol". Anderson appreciated the sincerity and support of the Congress, the proposals forwarded by the President for the